For the effect of these images, I focused on using the 'pathfinder tool'. We used Illustrator to create a shape and then another copy of this shape on it. After this, I went to 'window' and then 'Compound paths' and pressed 'make'. This allowed the shape on the top to cut out from the first shape created, so it would look like a thick outline, or a windowish looking shape. We then overlapped the shapes by selecting all the shapes and  using the 'Pathfinder' window to do this effect.

                   The main formal elements used here were line, colour and shape/form.